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Property rights are theoretical socially-enforced constructs in economics for determining how a resource or economic good is used and owned. Resources can be owned by (and hence be the property of) individuals, associations or governments. Property rights can be viewed as an attribute of an economic good. This attribute has four broad components〔• • • Dean Lueck (2008). "property law, economics and," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) 〕 and is often referred to as a bundle of rights:〔Klein, Daniel B. and John Robinson. "Property: A Bundle of Rights? Prologue to the Symposium." ''Econ Journal Watch 8(3): 193–204'', September 2011.()〕 # the right to use the good # the right to earn income from the good # the right to transfer the good to others # the right to enforcement of property rights In economics, property is usually considered to be ownership (rights to the proceeds generated by the property) and control over a resource or good. Many economists effectively argue that property rights need to be fixed and need to portray the relationships among other parties in order to be more effective.〔http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecpo.12021/full〕 ==Property-rights regimes== Property rights to a good must be defined, their use must be monitored, and possession of rights must be enforced. The costs of defining, monitoring, and enforcing property rights are termed transaction costs. Depending on the level of transaction costs, various forms of property rights institutions will develop. Each institutional form can be described by the distribution of rights. The following list is ordered from no property rights defined to all property rights being held by individuals * Open-access property (''res nullius'') is not 'owned' by anyone. It is non-excludable (no one can exclude anyone else from using it) but may be rival (one person's use of it reduces the quantity available to other users). Open-access property is not managed by anyone, and access to it is not controlled. There is no constraint on anyone using open-access property (excluding people is either impossible or prohibitively costly). Examples of open-access property are the upper atmosphere (navigable airspace) or ocean fisheries (navigable waterways). * Public property (also known as state property) is property that is owned by all, but its access and use are controlled by the state or community. An example is a national park or a state-owned enterprise.〔 * Common property or ''collective property'' is property that is owned by a group of individuals. Access, use, and exclusion are controlled by the joint owners. True commons can break down, but, unlike open-access property, common property owners have greater ability to manage conflicts through shared benefits and enforcement.〔 * Private property is both excludable and rival. Private property access, use, exclusion and management are controlled by the private owner or a group of legal owners. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Property rights (economics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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